The Industrial Revolution: Setting the Stage
To understand the Arts and Crafts Movement (1880 - 1920), we first must understand the world in which it was reacting. In this case, that means the Industrial Revolution in Britain.
When we think about the Industrial Revolution, we probably think of the major headline changes attributed to the turn of the century. We are reminded of the invention of the modern factory, the electrification of our homes and businesses, and the explosion of affordable goods and services that came with these major technical achievements. For the first time in ordinary people’s lives, one could fill their home with textiles, furniture, and ceramics that would have been unthinkable luxuries just a generation earlier.
Why Did the Arts and Crafts Movement Begin?
Not everyone saw this change as a positive one. Several artists, designers, architects and thinkers believed that machine-made factory production was leading to a degradation of art and craft. Goods were now cheaper, yes, but they were thinner, flimsier, and unoriginal. Critics despised this decline in quality.
It’s a common complaint to hear that “we just don’t make things as we used to.” This was essentially what figures like William Morris, Walter Crane, and John Ruskin were saying in the mid-nineteenth century. These artists argued not just for better quality in goods but for the manufacture of these goods in ethical ways. It is out of this argument that came the movement that we now know as Arts and Crafts, which takes its name from the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society, founded in London in 1887.
The Ideas Behind the Arts and Crafts Movement
Importantly, figures of this movement were not “anti-machine”; they instead disliked the modern factory system, which broke apart the production of an object into small, separate, and menial tasks. In the modern factory, no worker would see the production of their object from start to finish. Under this system, no worker could develop skills to become an artisan or craftsperson. It was this deskilled labour that the Arts and Crafts Movement objected to.
Dignity of Labour
Many of the movement’s artists, architects, and designers were also socialists, who campaigned for better working conditions and guild-based cooperative ownership. These thinkers advocated for “dignity of labour,” the idea that how something gets made is just as important as the finished object itself.
Arts and Crafts Design & Craft Techniques
The movement’s true radicalism was its commitment to a complete change in design. Inspired by medieval craft traditions, its artists called for small-scale workshops, a revival of craft traditions, a renewed respect for the decorative arts, and a return to workers’ guilds. Techniques were revived and encouraged, such as enamelling, ceramics, embroidery, calligraphy, and woodcarving.
Truth in Materials
This movement was less about a single unified style and was more focused on a set of ideals. Chief among them was a focus on object utility and what artists called a “truth in materials,” meaning wood would look like wood, and marble would look like marble. These resulting objects were exceptionally crafted and featured simplified and natural motifs, a real contrast to the heavy ornamentation that was fashionable at the time. These objects were beautiful, and they were also built to last.
The Influence of the Arts and Crafts Movement
While the movement’s end is dated to approximately 1920, it did not disappear so much as it evolved; the roots of the Art Nouveau movement can be traced back to the Arts and Crafts tradition. The movement had significant impact on architecture, including the use of local materials in building design. Modern design and today’s maker culture can in part trace their roots to the Arts and Crafts Movement.
Why the Arts and Crafts Movement Still Matters Today
Although the movement’s end can be dated to over 100 years ago, many of its key ideas remain strikingly relevant today. In our age of instant gratification and disposables, there is something magical about encountering real craftspeople and using well-made objects. The ethical production of our goods is something many of us now weigh when we shop. Wallpapers and prints designed during this movement are still sold today. And many of these ideas have gone on to inspire many of the works in the Fable Collection here at Opposite Wall. Luckily, beauty is everywhere, and you don’t need to have an art history degree to appreciate a beautiful object.
Frequently Asked Questions
What was the Arts and Crafts Movement?
The Arts and Crafts Movement was a design and social movement that emerged in Britain in the late 19th century in response to industrialization and mass production.
When did the Arts and Crafts Movement begin?
The movement developed during the second half of the 19th century, with the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society founded in London in 1887.
Who were the main figures of the Arts and Crafts Movement?
William Morris, John Ruskin, and Walter Crane were among the influential figures associated with the movement.
What did the Arts and Crafts Movement influence?
Its ideas influenced architecture, decorative arts, furniture, textiles, Art Nouveau, modern design, and contemporary craft culture.